This is the archived Spring 2015 version of the course. For the most recent version, see http://bitcoin-class.org.

Resources

A growing, but incomplete, list of useful resources for this class.

Bitcoin Wallets

Bitcoin Core — full client (source, mostly C++). This is a full client, which means it maintains a complete copy of the blockchain (currently about 20 GB) on the client machine, and won't be ready to use until the full blockchain is downloaded.
MultiBit — lightweight client (source, mostly Java)

David Chaum, Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments, CRYPTO
Chaum's scheme provides digital cash (with anonymity), but depends on a centralized authority to generate the cash.

Moni Naor's The Complexity of Fighting Spam page.
Adam Back, Hashcash - A Denial of Service Counter-Measure, 2002. Summary of early uses of hash functions for proof-of-work.

Satoshi, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, 2008. This is the original bitcoin paper. (It is quite readable and understandable, we will read it early in the semester.)
Anton Badev and Matthew Chen, Bitcoin: Technical Background and Data Analysis, October 2014. This is an overview of bitcoin that was written as a working paper for the Federal Reserve.

http://blockchain.info/ (good for searching for transactions associated with address)
Bitcoin Block Explorer
BitPay Insight (real-time view of transactions and mining)

There are hundreds of active discussions about bitcoin every day. Don't try to read them all!

Udacity's Applied Cryptography course (taught by David Evans) includes a segment on bitcoin. (I'm too modest, of course, to recommend the course, but some people liked it.)
Arvind Narayanan's Advanced Topics in Computer Science: Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies course at Princeton (Fall 2014).
Elaine Shi and Andrew Miller's Science of Crypto-Currency course at University of Maryland (Spring 2015).
I don't know of any other cryptocurrency courses at US universities (if you discover any, please let me know to add them here). There is a Master of Science in Digital Currency degree at the University of Nicosa in Cyprus.